SEVENTH GRADE
You need to know GRAMMAR (Gramática) and VOCABULARY (Vocabulario), and be able to APPLY that information to ask and answer questions in WRITTEN and SPOKEN form.
GRAMMAR (Gramática)
1. SER (to be): How to CONJUGATE and USE this verb to talk about BEING in certain contexts
Soy Somos
Eres Sois
Es Son
2. DEFINITE and INDEFINITE ARTICLES: How to say THE and A or AN in Spanish
THE: El, La, Los, Las
A or AN: Un, Una
Some (plural of A or AN): Unos, Unas
3. NOUN-ADJECTIVE AGREEMENT: How to make sure that NOUNS and ADJECTIVES agree in GENDER and NUMBER
4. TENER (to have): How to CONJUGATE and USE this verb to talk about things you and others HAVE
Tengo Tenemos
Tienes Tenéis
Tiene Tienen
5. PRESENT TENSE of -AR verbs: How to CONJUGATE any -AR verb and know what each form means
Example: HABLAR
Hablo Hablamos
Hablas Habláis
Habla Hablan
6. ESTAR (to be): How to CONJUGATE and USE this verb to talk about BEING in certain contexts
Estoy Estamos
Estás Estáis
Está Están
7. IR (to go): How to CONJUGATE and USE this verb to talk about GOING PLACES
Voy Vamos
Vas Vais
Va Van
Add "a" after the verb to indicate "going to":
Voy a la tienda (I am going to the store) Voy a estudiar ahora (I'm going to study now)
Vas a la escuela (You are going to the school) Vas a ir a la clase (You're going to go to class)
Ella va al parque (She's going to the park) Ella va a trabajar mañana (She's going to work tomorrow)
Él va al concierto (He's going to the concert) Él va a jugar béisbol por la mañana (He's going to play baseball in the morning)
Ud. va a casa (You're going home) Ud. va a tomar un examen hoy, ¿no? (You're going to take a test today, right?)
Nosotros vamos a la clase (We're going to the class)
Vosotros vais al partido de béisbol (You all are going to the baseball game)
Ellos van al Centro Italiano pronto (They are going to the Italian Center soon)
Uds. van a la playa en el Cove por la tarde (You all are going to the beach at the Cove in the afternoon)
8. GUSTAR: How to use this verb to express likes and dislikes
Me gusta(n) Nos gusta(n)
Te gusta(n) Os gusta(n)
Le gusta(n) Les gusta(n)
9. PRESENT TENSE: How to CONJUGATE any -ER and -IR verb and know what each form means
Examples: CORRER RECIBIR
Corro Corremos Recibo Recibimos
Corres Corréis Recibes Recibís
Corre Corren Recibe Reciben
10. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES: KNOW these words that tell WHO something belongs to
Mi(s) Nuestro(a)(os)(as)
Tu(s) Vuestro(a)(os)(as)
Su(s) Su(s)
11. COMPARATIVES: These words COMPARE things to each other. KNOW this set of them
To compare adjectives:
MÁS alto QUE....taller than MÁS bajo QUE....shorter than MÁS rico QUE....richer than MÁS pobre QUE....poorer than
MENOS alto QUE....not as tall as MENOS bajo QUE....not as short as MENOS rico QUE....less rich than
TAN alto COMO ... as tall as TAN bajo COMO ... as short as TAN rico COMO ... as rich as TAN pobre COMO ... as poor as
To compare OTHER than adjectives, for example, places:
Me gusta mi casa MÁS QUE la escuela...I like my house more than school
Me gusta leer MÁS QUE jugar fútbol...I like to read more than play soccer
Me gustan las hamburguesas MENOS QUE los tacos...I like hamburgers less than tacos
Me gusta estudiar MENOS QUE ir al parque...I like to study less than going to the park
No me gusta escuchar TANTO COMO hablar...I don't like to listen as much as (I like to) talk
Other comparative words, that work in the same pattern: MAYOR QUE (older than), MENOR QUE (younger than), MEJOR QUE (better than), PEOR QUE (worse than)
Mi hermano es MAYOR QUE yo...My brother is OLDER THAN me
Mi hermana es MENOR QUE mi hermano...My sister is YOUNGER THAN my brother
Mi carro es MEJOR QUE el tuyo...My car is BETTER THAN yours
Mi Nintendo DS es PEOR QUE tu Xbox...My Nintendo DS es WORSE THAN your Xbox
12. STEM-CHANGING VERBS
You've already seen this with QUERER and TENER:
QUERER TENER
Quiero QUEREMOS Tengo TENEMOS
Quieres QUERÉIS Tienes TENÉIS
Quiere Quieren Tiene Tienen
These are two of what we call STEM-CHANGING VERBS.
This means that the VOWEL in the STEM (the part of the verb minus the ending) CHANGES in certain parts of the conjugation.
Usually, the changes take place in the following forms: YO, TÚ, ÉL/ELLA/UD., and ELLAS/ELLOS/UDS.
There are THREE TYPES of stem-changers: E goes to IE. O goes to UE. E goes to I.
COMMON STEM-CHANGING VERBS:
E to IE O to UE E to I
CERRAR (to close) DORMIR (to sleep) SERVIR (to serve)
ENTENDER (to understand) VOLVER (to return, to go back) PEDIR (to ask for, request)
EMPEZAR (to begin) VOLVER A (to do something again) REPETIR (to repeat)
PREFERIR (to prefer) ALMORZAR (to eat lunch)
PENSAR (to think, to plan) PODER (to be able to, can, may)
COMENZAR (to begin) COSTAR (to cost)
Practice. Remember that it is the vowel in the NEXT-TO-LAST SYLLABLE that changes.
GRAMMAR (Gramática)
1. SER (to be): How to CONJUGATE and USE this verb to talk about BEING in certain contexts
Soy Somos
Eres Sois
Es Son
2. DEFINITE and INDEFINITE ARTICLES: How to say THE and A or AN in Spanish
THE: El, La, Los, Las
A or AN: Un, Una
Some (plural of A or AN): Unos, Unas
3. NOUN-ADJECTIVE AGREEMENT: How to make sure that NOUNS and ADJECTIVES agree in GENDER and NUMBER
4. TENER (to have): How to CONJUGATE and USE this verb to talk about things you and others HAVE
Tengo Tenemos
Tienes Tenéis
Tiene Tienen
5. PRESENT TENSE of -AR verbs: How to CONJUGATE any -AR verb and know what each form means
Example: HABLAR
Hablo Hablamos
Hablas Habláis
Habla Hablan
6. ESTAR (to be): How to CONJUGATE and USE this verb to talk about BEING in certain contexts
Estoy Estamos
Estás Estáis
Está Están
7. IR (to go): How to CONJUGATE and USE this verb to talk about GOING PLACES
Voy Vamos
Vas Vais
Va Van
Add "a" after the verb to indicate "going to":
Voy a la tienda (I am going to the store) Voy a estudiar ahora (I'm going to study now)
Vas a la escuela (You are going to the school) Vas a ir a la clase (You're going to go to class)
Ella va al parque (She's going to the park) Ella va a trabajar mañana (She's going to work tomorrow)
Él va al concierto (He's going to the concert) Él va a jugar béisbol por la mañana (He's going to play baseball in the morning)
Ud. va a casa (You're going home) Ud. va a tomar un examen hoy, ¿no? (You're going to take a test today, right?)
Nosotros vamos a la clase (We're going to the class)
Vosotros vais al partido de béisbol (You all are going to the baseball game)
Ellos van al Centro Italiano pronto (They are going to the Italian Center soon)
Uds. van a la playa en el Cove por la tarde (You all are going to the beach at the Cove in the afternoon)
8. GUSTAR: How to use this verb to express likes and dislikes
Me gusta(n) Nos gusta(n)
Te gusta(n) Os gusta(n)
Le gusta(n) Les gusta(n)
9. PRESENT TENSE: How to CONJUGATE any -ER and -IR verb and know what each form means
Examples: CORRER RECIBIR
Corro Corremos Recibo Recibimos
Corres Corréis Recibes Recibís
Corre Corren Recibe Reciben
10. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES: KNOW these words that tell WHO something belongs to
Mi(s) Nuestro(a)(os)(as)
Tu(s) Vuestro(a)(os)(as)
Su(s) Su(s)
11. COMPARATIVES: These words COMPARE things to each other. KNOW this set of them
To compare adjectives:
MÁS alto QUE....taller than MÁS bajo QUE....shorter than MÁS rico QUE....richer than MÁS pobre QUE....poorer than
MENOS alto QUE....not as tall as MENOS bajo QUE....not as short as MENOS rico QUE....less rich than
TAN alto COMO ... as tall as TAN bajo COMO ... as short as TAN rico COMO ... as rich as TAN pobre COMO ... as poor as
To compare OTHER than adjectives, for example, places:
Me gusta mi casa MÁS QUE la escuela...I like my house more than school
Me gusta leer MÁS QUE jugar fútbol...I like to read more than play soccer
Me gustan las hamburguesas MENOS QUE los tacos...I like hamburgers less than tacos
Me gusta estudiar MENOS QUE ir al parque...I like to study less than going to the park
No me gusta escuchar TANTO COMO hablar...I don't like to listen as much as (I like to) talk
Other comparative words, that work in the same pattern: MAYOR QUE (older than), MENOR QUE (younger than), MEJOR QUE (better than), PEOR QUE (worse than)
Mi hermano es MAYOR QUE yo...My brother is OLDER THAN me
Mi hermana es MENOR QUE mi hermano...My sister is YOUNGER THAN my brother
Mi carro es MEJOR QUE el tuyo...My car is BETTER THAN yours
Mi Nintendo DS es PEOR QUE tu Xbox...My Nintendo DS es WORSE THAN your Xbox
12. STEM-CHANGING VERBS
You've already seen this with QUERER and TENER:
QUERER TENER
Quiero QUEREMOS Tengo TENEMOS
Quieres QUERÉIS Tienes TENÉIS
Quiere Quieren Tiene Tienen
These are two of what we call STEM-CHANGING VERBS.
This means that the VOWEL in the STEM (the part of the verb minus the ending) CHANGES in certain parts of the conjugation.
Usually, the changes take place in the following forms: YO, TÚ, ÉL/ELLA/UD., and ELLAS/ELLOS/UDS.
There are THREE TYPES of stem-changers: E goes to IE. O goes to UE. E goes to I.
COMMON STEM-CHANGING VERBS:
E to IE O to UE E to I
CERRAR (to close) DORMIR (to sleep) SERVIR (to serve)
ENTENDER (to understand) VOLVER (to return, to go back) PEDIR (to ask for, request)
EMPEZAR (to begin) VOLVER A (to do something again) REPETIR (to repeat)
PREFERIR (to prefer) ALMORZAR (to eat lunch)
PENSAR (to think, to plan) PODER (to be able to, can, may)
COMENZAR (to begin) COSTAR (to cost)
Practice. Remember that it is the vowel in the NEXT-TO-LAST SYLLABLE that changes.
EIGHTH GRADE
Eighth-grade Spanish is a continuation of seventh-grade Spanish. With that in mind, as an eighth grader, you need to understand all of the information above, in the seventh-grade review, as well as the new material described below.
1. SER vs ESTAR (both verbs that mean TO BE)
SER is all about EXISTENCE, the ESSENTIAL things that make you who you are.
ESTAR is all about TEMPORARY conditions, and about LOCATION of anything or anyone.
So...think of it this way:
SER is used for DESCRIPTION, TELLING TIME, TELLING WHAT SOMETHING "IS," ETHNIC OR NATIONAL IDENTITY, WHERE YOU'RE FROM.
ESTAR is used for TEMPORARY PHYSICAL, MENTAL OR EMOTIONAL STATES, and for LOCATION of anything.
REMEMBER THE CONJUGATIONS!
SER ESTAR
YO SOY NOSOTROS SOMOS YO ESTOY NOSOTROS ESTAMOS
TÚ ERES VOSOTROS SOIS TÚ ESTÁS VOSOTROS ESTÁIS
ELLA ES ELLAS SON ELLA ESTÁ ELLAS ESTÁN
ÉL ES ELLOS SON ÉL ESTÁ ELLOS ESTÁN
UD. ES UDS. SON UD. ESTÁ UDS. ESTÁN
2. ORDINAL NUMBERS
These are simply the numbers that put things in ORDER...First, Second, Third, and so on. Just memorize these as vocabulary items:
First: Primero(a)(os)(as) Seventh: Séptimo(a)(os)(as)
Second: Segundo(a)(os)(as) Eighth: Octavo(a)(os)(as)
Third: Tercero(a)(os)(as) Ninth: Noveno(a)(os)(as)
Fourth: Cuarto(a)(os)(as) Tenth: Décimo(a)(os)(as)
Fifth: Quinto(a)(os)(as) Eleventh: Undécimo(a)(os)(as)
Sixth: Sexto(a)(os)(as) Twelfth: Duodécimo(a)(os)(as)
3. "YO-GO" and other IRREGULAR VERBS
DECIR (to say, to tell) DIGO DECIMOS
DICES DECÍS
DICE DICEN
VENIR (to come) VENGO VENIMOS
VIENES VENÍS
VIENE VIENEN
DAR (to give) DOY DAMOS
DAS DAIS
DA DAN
PONER (to put, place) PONGO PONEMOS
PONES PONÉIS
PONE PONEN
SALIR (to leave, go out) SALGO SALIMOS
SALES SALÍS
SALE SALEN
TRAER (to bring) TRAIGO TRAEMOS
TRAES TRAÉIS
TRAE TRAEN
DECIR (to say, to tell) DIGO DECIMOS
DICES DECÍS
DICE DICEN
VENIR (to come) VENGO VENIMOS
VIENES VENÍS
VIENE VIENEN
DAR (to give) DOY DAMOS
DAS DAIS
DA DAN
PONER (to put, place) PONGO PONEMOS
PONES PONÉIS
PONE PONEN
SALIR (to leave, go out) SALGO SALIMOS
SALES SALÍS
SALE SALEN
TRAER (to bring) TRAIGO TRAEMOS
TRAES TRAÉIS
TRAE TRAEN
4. COMMANDS IN THE "TÚ" FORM
Commands don´t have to be negative, or harsh or aggressive. This COMMAND FORM is used whenever you tell someone to do something, whether politely or not.
"Go to the store, please," is an example of a command form in English. "Go to bed now!" is another.
This is like learning about verb conjugations. It´s just another way to play with the verb, to make it saw what you want it to say.
To form the COMMAND IN THE "TÚ" FORM, you simply go to the "tú" form in the Present Tense, and drop the "s" off the end:
LAVAS los platos....You are washing the dishes (present tense, indicating something that is going on)
LAVA los platos, por favor....Wash the dishes, please (indicating a command that someone is giving to someone else)
ABRES la puerta todos los días....You open the door every day.
ABRE la puerta ahora, por favor....Open the door now, please.
This works with ALMOST all verbs. There's a problem, though. EIGHT VERBS have their own, strange COMMAND FORMS in "TÚ"...
DECIR (TO SAY, TELL) ...... DI HACER (TO DO, MAKE).......HAZ
IR (TO GO) ....... VE PONER (TO PUT, PLACE) ....... PON
SALIR (TO LEAVE, GO OUT) .......SAL SER (TO BE) ....... SÉ
TENER (TO HAVE) ....... TEN VENIR (TO COME) ....... VEN
Examples:
DI la verdad....Tell the truth HAZ lo correcto....Do the right thing
VE a la tienda .... Go to the store PON los libros allá .... Put the books there
SAL de tu cuarto .... Leave your room SÉ bueno .... Be good
TEN compasión .... Have compassion VEN conmigo .... Come with me
Commands don´t have to be negative, or harsh or aggressive. This COMMAND FORM is used whenever you tell someone to do something, whether politely or not.
"Go to the store, please," is an example of a command form in English. "Go to bed now!" is another.
This is like learning about verb conjugations. It´s just another way to play with the verb, to make it saw what you want it to say.
To form the COMMAND IN THE "TÚ" FORM, you simply go to the "tú" form in the Present Tense, and drop the "s" off the end:
LAVAS los platos....You are washing the dishes (present tense, indicating something that is going on)
LAVA los platos, por favor....Wash the dishes, please (indicating a command that someone is giving to someone else)
ABRES la puerta todos los días....You open the door every day.
ABRE la puerta ahora, por favor....Open the door now, please.
This works with ALMOST all verbs. There's a problem, though. EIGHT VERBS have their own, strange COMMAND FORMS in "TÚ"...
DECIR (TO SAY, TELL) ...... DI HACER (TO DO, MAKE).......HAZ
IR (TO GO) ....... VE PONER (TO PUT, PLACE) ....... PON
SALIR (TO LEAVE, GO OUT) .......SAL SER (TO BE) ....... SÉ
TENER (TO HAVE) ....... TEN VENIR (TO COME) ....... VEN
Examples:
DI la verdad....Tell the truth HAZ lo correcto....Do the right thing
VE a la tienda .... Go to the store PON los libros allá .... Put the books there
SAL de tu cuarto .... Leave your room SÉ bueno .... Be good
TEN compasión .... Have compassion VEN conmigo .... Come with me
5. The verb JUGAR (TO PLAY)
Remember: There are TWO verbs for "PLAY" in Spanish. TOCAR means TO PLAY AN INSTRUMENT, while JUGAR means TO PLAY A GAME.
ALSO keep in mind: JUGAR is an O to UE stem-changer. So the conjugation looks like this:
Yo juego Nosotras jugamos Note: The Stem-change does NOT happen in Nosotros or Vosotros!!!
Tú juegas Vosotras jugáis
Ella juega Ellas juegan
Él juega Ellos juegan
Ud. juega Uds. juegan
6. SABER and CONOCER, two verbs that mean TO KNOW.
This is a problem for English apeakers, because EACH of these verbs means "TO KNOW," but in DIFFERENT CONTEXTS!!!
SABER: to know FACTS, INFORMATION, ABOUT SOMETHING OR SOMEONE or HOW TO DO SOMETHING
CONOCER: to know PEOPLE OR PLACES, to be ACQUAINTED WITH people, places, things..
For example: Yo SÉ del Príncipe William y su nueva esposa, pero no CONOZCO a William.
(I know ABOUT Prince William and his new wife, but I do not KNOW William personally, I am not ACQUAINTED WITH him.)
Remember: The conjugations are a little strange:
SABER CONOCER
SÉ SABEMOS CONOZCO CONOCEMOS
SABES SABÉIS CONOCES CONOCÉIS
SABE SABEN CONOCE CONOCEN
Remember: There are TWO verbs for "PLAY" in Spanish. TOCAR means TO PLAY AN INSTRUMENT, while JUGAR means TO PLAY A GAME.
ALSO keep in mind: JUGAR is an O to UE stem-changer. So the conjugation looks like this:
Yo juego Nosotras jugamos Note: The Stem-change does NOT happen in Nosotros or Vosotros!!!
Tú juegas Vosotras jugáis
Ella juega Ellas juegan
Él juega Ellos juegan
Ud. juega Uds. juegan
6. SABER and CONOCER, two verbs that mean TO KNOW.
This is a problem for English apeakers, because EACH of these verbs means "TO KNOW," but in DIFFERENT CONTEXTS!!!
SABER: to know FACTS, INFORMATION, ABOUT SOMETHING OR SOMEONE or HOW TO DO SOMETHING
CONOCER: to know PEOPLE OR PLACES, to be ACQUAINTED WITH people, places, things..
For example: Yo SÉ del Príncipe William y su nueva esposa, pero no CONOZCO a William.
(I know ABOUT Prince William and his new wife, but I do not KNOW William personally, I am not ACQUAINTED WITH him.)
Remember: The conjugations are a little strange:
SABER CONOCER
SÉ SABEMOS CONOZCO CONOCEMOS
SABES SABÉIS CONOCES CONOCÉIS
SABE SABEN CONOCE CONOCEN
7. PRETERITE TENSE OF REGULAR "AR" VERBS...the PRETÉRITO INDEFINIDO
The word PRETERITE (PRETÉRITO) refers to PAST TENSES.
There are THREE "past tenses" that most languages use:
I went to the store (Pretérito indefinido)
I was going to the store (Pretérito imperfecto)
I have gone to the store (Pretérito perfecto)
In this section, we´re working with the PRETERITO INDEFINIDO, usually called, in English, PRETERITE.
Just like with the PRESENT TENSE, you need to TAKE OFF the -AR, -ER or -IR from the infinitive verb, and ADD A NEW ENDING
What are the endings?
AR ER IR
É AMOS Í IMOS Í IMOS
ASTE ASTEIS ISTE ISTEIS ISTE ISTEIS
Ó ARON IÓ IERON IÓ IERON
The process for using these endings is the SAME as for the Present Tense. Drop the ending of the verb, and add the new ending.
BUT...this time, when you put these endings on, you´re saying that someone DID something AT A SPECIFIC MOMENT IN THE PAST.
Here are a couple examples comparing the PRESENT with the PRETERITE:
HABLO mucho con mi mamá (I talk a lot with my mom). vs HABLÉ mucho con mi mamá (I TALKED a lot with my mom)
CORRO mucho en la práctica de fútbol (I run a lot in soccer practice) CORRÍ mucho ayer en la práctica (I RAN a lot yesterday in practice)
8. PRETERITE TENSE OF "CAR, GAR, ZAR VERBS"
This just refers to verbs that, in the infinitive, end in -CAR, -GAR or -ZAR.
The problem, a small one, is that the YO FORM is a bit different. It doesn´t QUITE follow the rules you just read in the previous section.
Three example verbs will make it clear. Look at these and see if you can spot the STRANGE THING that has to happen:
JUGAR (to play) EMPEZAR (to begin) BUSCAR (to look for, search)
JUGUÉ JUGAMOS EMPECÉ EMPEZAMOS BUSQUÉ BUSCAMOS
JUGASTE JUGASTEIS EMPEZASTE EMPEZASTEIS BUSCASTE BUSCASTEIS
JUGÓ JUGARON EMPEZÓ EMPEZARON BUSCÓ BUSCARON
Did you spot it? The only difference is in the YO FORM of each verb. The reason? To preserve the HARD sound of the G and the C, and to soft "s" sound of the Z.
This just refers to verbs that, in the infinitive, end in -CAR, -GAR or -ZAR.
The problem, a small one, is that the YO FORM is a bit different. It doesn´t QUITE follow the rules you just read in the previous section.
Three example verbs will make it clear. Look at these and see if you can spot the STRANGE THING that has to happen:
JUGAR (to play) EMPEZAR (to begin) BUSCAR (to look for, search)
JUGUÉ JUGAMOS EMPECÉ EMPEZAMOS BUSQUÉ BUSCAMOS
JUGASTE JUGASTEIS EMPEZASTE EMPEZASTEIS BUSCASTE BUSCASTEIS
JUGÓ JUGARON EMPEZÓ EMPEZARON BUSCÓ BUSCARON
Did you spot it? The only difference is in the YO FORM of each verb. The reason? To preserve the HARD sound of the G and the C, and to soft "s" sound of the Z.
9. AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS
This is basically a vocabulary thing. Learn these words and what they mean.
ALGO (something) NADA (nothing)
ALGUIEN (someone) NADIE (no one, nobody)
ALGÚN/ALGUNA(O) (some, any) NINGÜN/NINGUNA(O) (none, not any)
O...O (either...or) NI...NI (neither...nor)
SIEMPRE (always) NUNCA (never)
TAMBIÉN (also) TAMPOCO (neither, not either)
The odd thing to know here is that the DOUBLE NEGATIVE (I don't got nothin', I ain´t goin' nowhere) is PERFECTLY ACCEPTABLE IN SPANISH.
So, watch how the following phrases are set up, and compare the Spanish double-negative with the lack of it in English:
I´m NOT going ANYWHERE with you. NO voy a NINGUNA PARTE contigo.
I´m NOT going to study ANYTHING for the test. NO voy a estudiar NADA para el examen.
I DON'T know ANY interesting websites. NO conozco NINGÚN sitio web interesante.
But, you don´t always HAVE to use a double negative. You can structure sentences as follows:
I don't study ever. NO ESTUDIO NUNCA or NUNCA ESTUDIO.
I don´t need anything from you. NO NECESITO NADA DE TI or NADA NECESITO DE TI.
This is basically a vocabulary thing. Learn these words and what they mean.
ALGO (something) NADA (nothing)
ALGUIEN (someone) NADIE (no one, nobody)
ALGÚN/ALGUNA(O) (some, any) NINGÜN/NINGUNA(O) (none, not any)
O...O (either...or) NI...NI (neither...nor)
SIEMPRE (always) NUNCA (never)
TAMBIÉN (also) TAMPOCO (neither, not either)
The odd thing to know here is that the DOUBLE NEGATIVE (I don't got nothin', I ain´t goin' nowhere) is PERFECTLY ACCEPTABLE IN SPANISH.
So, watch how the following phrases are set up, and compare the Spanish double-negative with the lack of it in English:
I´m NOT going ANYWHERE with you. NO voy a NINGUNA PARTE contigo.
I´m NOT going to study ANYTHING for the test. NO voy a estudiar NADA para el examen.
I DON'T know ANY interesting websites. NO conozco NINGÚN sitio web interesante.
But, you don´t always HAVE to use a double negative. You can structure sentences as follows:
I don't study ever. NO ESTUDIO NUNCA or NUNCA ESTUDIO.
I don´t need anything from you. NO NECESITO NADA DE TI or NADA NECESITO DE TI.
10. PRETERITE OF IR (to go), SER (to be) and HACER (to do, to make)
IR SER HACER
fui fuimos fui fuimos hice hicimos
fuiste fuisteis fuiste fuisteis hiciste hicisteis
fue fueron fue fueron hizo hicieron
NOTE: Yes! The forms for IR and for SER are EXACTLY THE SAME IN THE PRETERITE! That makes ONE LESS set you have to learn!
NOTE: See how the "C" changes to a "Z" in the "él/ella" form of HACER, and how the "A" changes to an "I" all the way through. STRANGE, but has to be learned!
IR SER HACER
fui fuimos fui fuimos hice hicimos
fuiste fuisteis fuiste fuisteis hiciste hicisteis
fue fueron fue fueron hizo hicieron
NOTE: Yes! The forms for IR and for SER are EXACTLY THE SAME IN THE PRETERITE! That makes ONE LESS set you have to learn!
NOTE: See how the "C" changes to a "Z" in the "él/ella" form of HACER, and how the "A" changes to an "I" all the way through. STRANGE, but has to be learned!
11. PREPOSITIONAL PRONOUNS.
This is a fancy title, It just means that the PRONOUNS are a bit different when they follow PREPOSITIONS.
Here's a comparative list:
SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS PREPOSITIONAL PRONOUNS
YO NOSOTROS ME NOS MÍ NOSOTROS
TÚ VOSOTROS TE OS TI VOSOTROS
ÉL, ELLA ELLOS, ELLAS LO, LA, LE, SE LOS, LAS, LES, SE ELLA, ÉL ELLAS, ELLOS
UD. UDS. LO, LA, LE, SE LOS, LAS, LES, SE UD. UDS.
In this section, we´ll use PREPOSITIONAL PRONOUNS. Notice that they are almost all the same as the SUBJECT pronouns. The only ones that are different are MÍ and TI.
Prepositions are words or phrases that link various parts of a sentence together.
Some prepositions are:
POR (for, by, through, in exchange for) DE (of, from, about)
PARA (for, in order to, for the purpose of) EN (in, on, on top of, inside)
CON (with) SIN (without)
A (to, at)
Let´s mix these prepositions with the proper pronouns:
Voy a la tienda CON ÉL .... I'm going to the store WITH HIM
That book is FOR ME .... Ese libro es PARA MÍ
Hago esto PARA TI .... I'm doing this FOR YOU
WITHOUT YOU, we can't do anything .... SIN UD., no podemos hacer nada
This is a fancy title, It just means that the PRONOUNS are a bit different when they follow PREPOSITIONS.
Here's a comparative list:
SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS PREPOSITIONAL PRONOUNS
YO NOSOTROS ME NOS MÍ NOSOTROS
TÚ VOSOTROS TE OS TI VOSOTROS
ÉL, ELLA ELLOS, ELLAS LO, LA, LE, SE LOS, LAS, LES, SE ELLA, ÉL ELLAS, ELLOS
UD. UDS. LO, LA, LE, SE LOS, LAS, LES, SE UD. UDS.
In this section, we´ll use PREPOSITIONAL PRONOUNS. Notice that they are almost all the same as the SUBJECT pronouns. The only ones that are different are MÍ and TI.
Prepositions are words or phrases that link various parts of a sentence together.
Some prepositions are:
POR (for, by, through, in exchange for) DE (of, from, about)
PARA (for, in order to, for the purpose of) EN (in, on, on top of, inside)
CON (with) SIN (without)
A (to, at)
Let´s mix these prepositions with the proper pronouns:
Voy a la tienda CON ÉL .... I'm going to the store WITH HIM
That book is FOR ME .... Ese libro es PARA MÍ
Hago esto PARA TI .... I'm doing this FOR YOU
WITHOUT YOU, we can't do anything .... SIN UD., no podemos hacer nada